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Many other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated services. WISE needs those who wish to become Hubbard management speaks with to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to assist in the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or reputable people. Scientology Perth. Though it has actually attained some trustworthiness as a religious beliefs in lots of nations, Scientology has likewise been described as both a cult and an industrial business.
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For example, it has been kept in mind to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Fair Game people it views as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of scams, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" may be perceived as "threatening to established social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the advantage of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 nations by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as identified in an internet survey run by the presidential transition group obtaining public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace located at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on renamed the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later organized and devoted among the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by a company not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense dedicated by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope formerly unheard of. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No person or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past utilized aggressive tactics in resolving those it views as attempting to reduce them, referred to imp source as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was found at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.